Tag: Ecology

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Dusty Shoulders by Jonathan Aylett

little honeybee
carrying all our futures
on dusty shoulders

by Jonathan Aylett

This haiku about the ecological importance of bees was displayed at COP 28 in Dubai.

Further reading:

‘Why are bees important? And how you can help them’, Charlotte Varela, 2023, Woodland Trust.

Author bio:

Jonathan has been writing and publishing poetry for several years. His work has featured in journals dedicated to haiku, and broader literary journals, and won competitions across both disciplines. His collection ‘Goldfish’ – a mix of haiku and long form poetry, will be published by Stairwell books in spring 2024. You can follow Jonathan on Instagram here: @jonathanaylettpoetry 

Read other sciku by Jonathan here: ‘Light’, ‘String Theory’, ‘Moss’, and ‘Attraction’.

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Moss by Jonathan Aylett

not quite rock bottom
the moss, living her best life
down in the gutter

by Jonathan Aylett

Aside from the social commentary offered by this haiku about finding happiness regardless of wealth or social standing, this is a poem about the ecological niche – ‘the match of a species to a specific environmental condition’.

Further reading:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche

Author bio:

Jonathan has been writing and publishing poetry for several years. His work has featured in journals dedicated to haiku, and broader literary journals, and won competitions across both disciplines. His collection ‘Goldfish’ – a mix of haiku and long form poetry, will be published by Stairwell books in spring 2024. You can follow Jonathan on Instagram here: @jonathanaylettpoetry 

Read other sciku by Jonathan here: ‘Light’, ‘String Theory’, ‘Dusty Shoulders’, and ‘Attraction’.

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Peat-based Haiku for COP26 by Abby McSherry and The CANN Project

The CANN project (Collaborative Action for the Natura Network) is a cross-border environment project which aims to improve the condition of protected bog and wetland habitats found within Northern Ireland, the Border Region of Ireland and Scotland, allowing the region to meet key EU biodiversity targets and ensuring the future of these internationally important habitats and species. The CANN project is supported by the European Union’s INTERREG VA Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB). It is led by Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.

The CANN project focuses on the conservation and restoration of seven habitat types which are protected as Special Areas of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive: Alkaline Fens, Blanket Bog, Active Raised Bog, Marl Lakes, Calcareous Fens, Transition Mire & Quaking Bogs. These habitats are identified as being important in ensuring the survival of at risk plants and wildlife, and for promoting and sustaining biodiversity from a local to an international scale.

The CANN project – led by Abby McSherry, the project’s Communications and Outreach Officer – decided to celebrate COP26 by tweeting a Haiku-a-day on the subject of peat’s role in combatting climate change in the run-up to the meeting in November 2021. Below is a small sample of these fantastic haiku. The entire collection has been compiled in a booklet freely available on the CANN project website here.

Day 5

Sphagnum naturally produces phenolic compounds that slow the decomposition of the plants that make up peat. Preventing peat decomposition will help keep the carbon it holds locked away.

Day 10

A raised bog often has a water table perched higher than the surrounding land, which can be hard to understand unless you visualise it as a water droplet perched on the land. It is delicately balanced, and that balance can shift.

Day 20

Carbon is locked up effectively in other habitats too. Lowland fens and mires are significant sinks too and are under even greater threat from damage as they are often surrounded by valuable arable land.

Day 25

Across the world, peat covers just 3% of the land’s surface, but stores one-third of the Earth’s soil carbon, not just a sticking plaster, but potentially a cure for what ails us. If we care for it, it will care for us.

Further Reading:

All 31 haiku (plus some bonuses!) are freely available here, in pdf and flipbook form: https://thecannproject.org/publications/booklet-of-peat-based-haiku-sci-cu-poems/

Find out more about the CANN project and the brilliant work the team are doing here: https://thecannproject.org/

You can also follow the CANN project on Twitter here: @theCANNproject

About Abby McSherry: I have worked in practical conservation and waste management since I gained my BSc in Physical Geography, and discovered early on that I had a talent for translating geek-speak into language that non-scientists could understand and enjoy so I moved more towards the communication side of various conservation projects. I use creative tools garnered from my personal life to find different ways to communicate my science, so poetry, painting, photography and even crochet are as likely to feature as piezometer readings.

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Hedgerow Snuffling by Roy McGhie

Hedgerow snuffling and
intensive farming practices.
A prickly issue.

By Roy McGhie

Hedgehog numbers are declining. Although hedgehogs are often thought of as a countryside animal, recent studies have shown that they are now most likely to be found in urban habitats in the UK.

A recent paper by Yarnell and Pettett (2020) has reviewed the difficulties they face in the rural environment (namely lack of food availability, habitat connectivity and shelter) and highlighted some of the agri-environment options from which they could benefit. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence around the precise benefits such options (like establishment of field margins and boosting hedgerow cover) would bring. More studies are urgently required before hedgehogs and other insectivores are driven out of the countryside entirely.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091566

Roy McGhie works for Natural England as an Uplands Advisor. You can connect with him on LinkedIn here. If you enjoyed his sciku, check out his previous poems Ghost Ponds, A Heady Mixture and Fluttering by at Dusk.

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Cobwebs to Foodwebs by Dr. Jon Hare

collecting
fish stomach contents
from file cabinets

By Jon Hare

Field studies take a lot of effort. Think of studying fishes in an estuary – where a river meets the sea. You need the expertise to know the fishes and how to take the variety of biological samples including earbones, stomachs, and gonads. You need a boat and gear to catch fish of different sizes and habits. You need to be able to deal with weather, seasons, and the other elements of nature. You need a group of people with varying expertise committed to work together. You need funding for the project. And the field effort is just the beginning – samples need to be processed in the laboratory, data compiled and analyzed, the results published, and the data made available. Now think about how many field studies or parts of field studies never make it to those final steps of dissemination. What happens to these studies? What happens to all that effort? 

Hanson and Courtenay (2020) describe the fate of one such effort. A multi-year fish-related field program was undertaken from 1991 to 1993 to describe the structure and function of the Miramichi River and Estuary ecosystem in eastern Canada. After several years, the project ended owing to a change in priorities (and funding); the team of scientists and fishers went their separate ways. Some of the results were published – primarily around high profile species like Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon. However, many of the samples and much of the data never made it to the dissemination stage of science. 

The study by Hanson and Courtenay is part of an effort to recover the large amounts of field data stored in old file cabinets, on floppy disks, and in unpublished theses. In their study, Hanson and Courtenay use data collected during the Miramichi Estuary program and present detailed descriptions of the stomach contents of more than 8,000 individual fish across a range of species. Through these analyses, they describe the seasonality in the estuary both in terms of fish occurrence and diet. They also identify a small shrimp species (Crangon septemspinosa – Seven-spined Bay Shrimp) as a keystone species, linking estuarine and coastal foodwebs. Although the findings are not earth-shattering, the results and data are now available for future studies, which could model foodweb dynamics in the ecosystem (e.g. using EcoPath) or document ecosystem changes over the past three decades (a neat example from Long Island Sound, USA). Field studies and the subsequent research based on field studies are essential to developing strategies for ecosystem resilience and climate adaptation and ultimately for living sustainably within the earth system. 

Original research: Hanson, J. M., & Courtenay, S. C. (2020). Data Recovery from Old Filing Cabinets: Seasonal Diets of the Most Common Demersal Fishes in the Miramichi River Estuary (Atlantic Canada), 1991–1993. Northeastern Naturalist, 27(3), 401-433. https://doi.org/10.1656/045.027.0302

Dr. Jon Hare is a scientist who works in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. His research background is fisheries oceanography and climate change impacts on marine fisheries. Check out Jon’s other sciku ‘Owls of the Eastern Ice’, ‘Varves’, ‘Signs of Spring’ and ‘Glacier Mice‘.

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Holdfast

Marine forests sway,
sheltering, pristine, unchanged.
For how much longer?

Giant kelp forests are some of the most diverse, productive and dynamic ecosystems on the planet. A marine algae (not a plant), giant kelp anchors itself to the seabed and grows up towards the surface, with some species growing up to 30-60 centimetres vertically a day to reach heights of 45 meters. Whilst typically found in temperate and polar coastal oceans, deep water kelp forests have been discovered in clear tropical waters where the sunlight can penetrate far enough below the water surface for the kelp to grow, potentially as far down as 200 meters.

Kelp forests are home to a vast number of species, from those living in the surface canopy to those on the seafloor. This makes them key areas to protect for species richness, much like rainforests and coral reefs. Yet many kelp forests are under threat due to marine pollution, water quality, kelp harvesting, overfishing, invasive species and climate change.

This makes the recent survey of kelp forests in southern South America heartening. Friedlander et al. (2020) re-surveyed 11 locations at the easternmost extent of Tierra del Fuego and compared their findings to surveys originally conducted in 1973. They found no differences in kelp densities or anchor diameter. Sea urchins, if not kept in check, can decimate kelp forests but the researchers also found no difference in sea urchin numbers. Additionally, comparisons of satellite imagery showed no long-term trends over the past 20 years.

It’s thought that the remoteness of the location has meant these kelp forests have been relatively unaffected by human disturbance, although increases in sea temperature as a result of climate change are likely to have an impact in the future.

A note about ‘Holdfast’ – The title refers to both the wish that kelp forests such as the one surveyed in this study persist and survive, and to the root-like mass that anchors kelp to the seafloor which is known as the kelp’s holdfast.

Original research: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229259

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Climate Masting

Seed production up,
surely that’s a good thing, no?
Benefits declined.

Whilst the world stirs slowly into action to limit climate change, general consensus is that there will be some winners amongst the losers as temperatures rise. All organisms have their niches and changing environments will benefit some just as much they cost others.

Or at least that’s the simplistic take on the matter…

New research into plant masting – synchronous seed production – suggests that all isn’t as clear cut as that. The phenomenon of masting is beneficial to plants as the synchronicity “increases the efficiency of pollination and satiates predators” – sure predators will eat lots of seeds but the overwhelming numbers of seeds mean that large numbers aren’t eaten. It’s a bit like the synchronous emergence of some cicada species, which only emerge on mass every 13 or 17 years, with the gaps between emergence ensuring that predators aren’t reliant on the cicadas as a stable food source.

Bogdziewicz et al. (2020) looked at a 39 year-long masting dataset for the European beech and found that whilst climate warming increased seed production, the trees are actually losing out for three reasons:

1) Increased temperatures result in more consistent numbers of seed produced year-on-year – preventing the traditional boom and bust nature of seed production that helps to limit predator numbers.

2) Increased temperatures reduce synchronicity, resulting in less effective pollination.

3) Reduced seed production synchronicity means that predators aren’t overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of seeds available and are able to eat more seeds over a longer period of time.

All of this means that whilst the simple story suggests climate warning leads to increased seed production, the truth is more complex and instead those that actually benefit are those that eat the seeds.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-0592-8

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Cuckoo bee

No longer extinct,

cuckoo bee, nest parasite,

found further afield.

 

The Macropis Cuckoo Bee was thought to be extinct until the early 2000s when a specimen was found in Nova Scotia. The bee is one of the rarest bees in North America, with only a handful found during the past decades. A new specimen found in Alberta and reported by Sheffield and Heron (2018) has now pushed the known geographical range of the Macropis Cuckoo Bee further west and gives hope to the continued survival of this species.

The Macropis Cuckoo Bee lays its eggs in the nests of Macropis bees and therefore requires the presence of its hosts in order to reproduce, yet cuckoo bees are not always found where their hosts are. In turn Macropis bees are entirely dependent on plants of the primrose genus meaning that the there is a chain of co-dependence between the plants, bees and cuckoo bees.

Original research: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e22837

 

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Black and white cat-foot

Black and white cat-foot.

Your numbers are rising but

your home shrinks and splits.

 

The giant panda (whose Latin binomial name literally means black and white cat-foot) is a poster species for animal conservation yet recently the IUCN Red List downgraded the species from endangered to vulnerable based on an increase in adult population since 1988.

Despite this population increase there remains concern for the future of the species. A study by Xu et al (2017) using remote sensing data suggests that both the total amount of available giant panda habitat and the average size of habitat patches (an indication of habitat fragmentation) have decreased substantially. Whilst total area and habitat patch size have shown signs of an recovery since 2001, they still remain below 1988 levels (1.7% and 13.3% lower respectively).

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Ghost ponds by Roy McGhie

After many moons,

even when buried alive –

Zombies in ghost ponds!

A study in Norfolk has shown that historic ponds infilled by agricultural activity, even after over 100 years have passed, maintain viable aquatic plant propagules. These ghost ponds can have the potential to restore locally extinct species assemblages. Alderton et al, 2017.

Roy McGhie works for the North Yorkshire Moors National Park as a Countryside Manager. He has a strong background in environmental conservation and education, and plays a mean game of tennis. You can connect with him on LinkedIn here. If you enjoyed his sciku, check out his other poems A Heady Mixture, Fluttering By At Dusk and Hedgerow Snuffling.

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Can herbivores relax?

My how big you are!

and yet your range contracts. Can

herbivores relax?

 

As the human population around the world expands, the impact we have on wildlife increases due in part to more land being used for habitation or agricultural purposes. Large carnivores are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic threats such as loss of prey base and human-wildlife conflict (often to do with livestock).

Wolf & Ripple (2017) created and analysed large carnivore range maps from present and historical (~AD1500) data. They found that large predators historically occupied 96% of the world’s land area whereas now they occupy 34%. A number of species have suffered an decline in range of over 90%, including the red wolf (99.7%), Ethiopian wolf (99.3%) and the tiger (95.3%). Overall the greatest range contractions occurred in South-eastern Asia and Africa.

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No saturation

Aliens spreading,

their invasion continues.

No saturation.

 

Increased globalisation over the past 200 years has helped to spread flora and fauna species around the world, with some non-native species disrupting local habitats to a devastating degree. Despite efforts to mitigate such invasions, the rate of alien species establishment appears to be increasing and no saturation point has been observed. Seebens et al, 2017.