Entropy by Robert Erlandson

The second law of thermodynamics is a fundamental law of nature. One expression of this law states that the level of disorder in the universe is steadily increasing. Entropy is a measure of the system’s disorder, higher entropy means more disorder.

The image above is known as a ‘haiga’ – a coupling of poetry and imagery, the idea being to create a third art form that is greater than the sum of its parts. Below is an alternate version of the poem that takes the same starting point to create a tanka.

Further reading:

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics https://www.livescience.com/50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html 

Second Law of Thermodynamics https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html

Entropy and the Second Law http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Secondlaw.html

Robert Erlandson has published in ‘Haigaonline’, ‘Daily Haiga’, ‘Cattails’, ‘Ribbons’, and ‘Prune Juice’, and a chapbook, ‘AWE’, speaking to the incredible relationships between nature, art, and mathematics. You can find more of his poetry, including some more physics-based haiga here: https://www.circlepublications.net/ 

Axiogenesis by Alicia Sometimes

surplus baryons >
    antibaryons. Whirling
             QCD axions

I was fascinated by the etymology of this word. In Greek ‘axía’ (worth, value, merit) and ‘génesis’ (production, creation, formation, origination). Here, axiogenesis is a mechanism in which the cosmological excess of baryons (a type of composite subatomic particle) over antibaryons is generated from the rotation of the QCD axion.

Raymond T. Co & Keisuke Harigaya (2020) outline how Axions Could Explain Baryon Asymmetry – the imbalance of matter and antimatter in the universe.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.111602

Alicia Sometimes is an Australian poet, writer and broadcaster. She has performed her spoken word and poetry at many venues, festivals and events around the world. Her poems have been in Best Australian Science Writing, Best Australian Poems and more. She is director and co-writer of the art/science planetarium shows, Elemental and Particle/Wave. She is currently a Science Gallery Melbourne ‘Leonardo’ (creative advisor). Her TedxUQ talk in 2019 was about the passion of combining art with science. You can catch up with her on Twitter @aliciasometimes and at her website www.aliciasometimes.com

Enjoyed Alicia’s sciku? Check out her earlier poems ‘Antimatter’ and ‘The Born Rule‘.

The Born Rule by Alicia Sometimes

wave functions are squared
amplitudes oscillating
predictions            likely

By Alicia Sometimes

The Born Rule — a formula for assigning outcome probabilities — is extremely complex for someone like me who hasn’t studied physics but I am intrigued in its history and its purpose.

Marc-Oliver Pleinert et al. (2020) test Born’s law using many-particle interferences. This article Mysterious Quantum Rule Reconstructed From Scratch by Philip Ball was inspiring and helped me navigate some intricacies of the Born Rule and put it in a wider context.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.012051

Alicia Sometimes is an Australian poet, writer and broadcaster. She has performed her spoken word and poetry at many venues, festivals and events around the world. Her poems have been in Best Australian Science Writing, Best Australian Poems and more. She is director and co-writer of the art/science planetarium shows, Elemental and Particle/Wave. She is currently a Science Gallery Melbourne ‘Leonardo’ (creative advisor). Her TedxUQ talk in 2019 was about the passion of combining art with science. You can catch up with her on Twitter @aliciasometimes and at her website www.aliciasometimes.com

Enjoyed Alicia’s sciku? Check out her other poems ‘Antimatter’ and ‘Axiogenesis‘.

Five and almost of a kind by Andrew Senior

I
Never let it be

Never let it be
forgot seeing is feeling
in another form

Sight the light of the blind
Sensation spent in a brain

II
I am most at home

I am most at home
in my imagination
as when science meets

crafted art, sees gravity’s
engines burning in the stars

III
Atoms are the shoes

Atoms are the shoes
of shape. We put them on to
walk this world. Smitten

with them we gallop over
its edge and into the dark

IV
How clever we are

How clever we are
to see what’s coming writing
on bark and spelling

with sticks taken from what had
already deciphered light

V
How dark a pupil

How dark a pupil
looks amplifying light’s streams
exchanging shadings

for meanings when trees convert
them only to be their lives

These five poems, “Shorts” as W.H. Auden used to call them, are part of a long series of meditations in poetry and essay about humility and ignorance, language and its limits and hence also the limits of knowledge. All in the context of science, particularly physics which is my over-riding interest.

Andrew Senior’s lifelong interest in science began as an often bed-ridden sickly child around the age of eight or nine with Astronomy. His professional career was in IT in the world of Unix/Linux servers. But Andrew never gave up an interest in science which by then had expanded from physics into biology courtesy of the best layman source there then was: The Scientific American. Long retired Andrew has continued these interests much assisted by the Internet, puzzling over the ruthless determination of humans to acquire power, gambling with their own extinction in the classic casino manner.

How sad a solo?

Alone. How tragic.

Unless that’s what’s intended?

How sad a solo?

 

Orchestras have a vast array of instruments, yet composers frequently employ a solo instrument within orchestral passages. Hansen & Huron (2018) have investigated whether a solo is used to convey or enhance a sad effect.

By characterising orchestral passages as featuring a solo or not and then investigating the differences between they were able to assess the impact of a solo on the emotion of the piece. Whilst they acknowledge that composers might use a solo for a number of reasons, their results suggest that there is an association between sadness-related acoustic feature and solos. Indeed, pieces of music with sad characteristics are twice as likely to feature solos.

Original research: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.35.5.540

Native American Dugout Canoe in Central New York By Donald A. Windsor

Our dugout canoe

Dendrochronology shows

Three hundred years old

 

In central New York State a dugout canoe was found buried in mud on the bank of a pond. It was removed, washed, slowly dried, and preserved in the Chenango County Historical Society Museum. It was determined by both dendrochronological methods and carbon-14 dating to have been produced around 1720 AD from a black ash tree trunk.

I used to paddle in our local rivers with my elegant aluminum canoe. But this dugout canoe does not look seaworthy. It would easily tip over. Perhaps it was not for riders, but for use as a floating basket for harvesting wild rice or clams or other aquatic provisions.

Original research:

Moyer, David ; Windsor, Donald A. ; Noble, Daniel B. ; Griggs, Carol B. The history and dendrochronological dating of the Dave Walker dugout canoe: a progress report. The Bulletin. Journal of the New York State Archaeological Association 2015 Number 129: 49-56.

Windsor, Donald A. Dave Walker’s dugout canoe. Chenango Archaeologist 2009-2010 Winter; 2(7): 1-2. http://chenangoarchaeologists.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/dave-walkers-dugout-canoe.html

Windsor, Donald A. Wild rice in Chenango County.   Chenango Archaeologist 2009-2010 Winter; 2(7): 3.

Donald A. Windsor, a biologist with a multidisciplinary background, is a former president of the Chenango Chapter of the New York State Archaeological Association. He retired from industrial pharmaceutical research and development 23 years ago. He is currently affiliated with the Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship. His blog is http://www.chenangoarchaeologists.blogspot.com/

Enjoyed this sciku? Check out Donald’s other sciku: Equal rights for parasites.

Foibles of research

Manipulation?

Coercion? Unwanted guests?

Foibles of research.

 

Academia prides itself on being fair, rational-minded and logical. Yet the practice behind these noble aims is sometimes far from that. A study by Fong & Wilhite (2017) reveals the various manipulations that can take place: from scholars gaining guest authorships on research papers despite contributing nothing to unnecessary reference list padding in an effort to boost citation rate. These instances of misconduct are likely a response to the pressures of an academic career – the demand for high numbers of publications and citation rates.

The survey of approximately 12,000 scholars across 18 disciplines revealed that over 35% of scholars have added an author to a manuscript despite little contribution (with female researchers more likely to add honorary authors than male researchers). 20% of scholars felt someone had been added to one of their grant proposal for no reason. 14% of academics reported being coerced into adding citations to their papers by journals, whilst 40% said they’d padded their reference list to pre-empt any coercion. Whilst changes to aspects of the academic system might help alleviate these issues, it’s likely to be a slow process.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187394

 

Underground sound

Listening for sound

whilst deep underground requires

middle ears to hear.

 

Animals living in different environments will face different auditory challenges. To investigate how environment shapes evolution Koyabu et al (2017) compared middle ear morphology across terrestrial, aquatic and subterranean species from the order eulipotyphla (including hedgehogs, moles and shrews).

They found that a subterranean lifestyle involved adaptations that allow for improved sound transmission at low frequencies and reduced transmission of bone-conducted vibrations. The adaptations observed included “a relatively shorter anterior process of the malleus, an enlarged incus, an enlarged staples footplate and a reduction of the orbicular apophysis”.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170608

Renegade liquid

Renegade liquid –

negative mass pushing back

breaking second law.

 

One of the fundamental aspects of Newton’s second law states is that when an object has a force applied to it, it moves in the same direction as the net force. Khamehchi et al (2017) created a liquid of negative effective mass (a Bose-Einstein condensate) that breaks this principle: when it is pushed it accelerates towards the pusher.

Original research: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.155301

Road-safety

Road-safety crucial:

Engine noises distract from

predator odours.

 

Noise pollution can have a number of effects on wild animals. Morris-Drake et al (2016) found that road noises meant that dwarf mongooses were slower to detect a predator odour and did not increase vigilance in response to the odour (whilst mongooses exposed to normal ambient noise found the odour faster and showed increased vigilance).